Abstract
The experiments and numerical simulations described in this paper were
performed to determine the effectiveness of the thermal solvent reflux and
steam solvent hybrid processes and to determine the key parameters involved in
these two processes.
Steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) is the current technology of choice
for Athabasca reservoirs. It is commercially proven and delivers high oil rates
and high ultimate recoveries. However, it is energy intensive. In addition,
steam injection may be limited by lack of water, by regulatory issues or by the
fact that some reservoirs are water sensitive.
Vapour-assisted petroleum extraction (VAPEX) does not have the energy and
water problems associated with SAGD. However, it is inherently slower than
SAGD.
One solution to the above difficulties is to combine processes by heating
the horizontal wellbores. The heat serves to initiate communication between the
injector and the producer. In addition, it will increase the rate of diffusion
of the solvent into the oil. Heat may be applied by electric heaters, with a
closed steam or glycol loop, or by direct injection of steam. In the first
three of four experiments described in this report, the wells were electrically
heated. In the fourth experiment, steam was co-injected with the solvent.
Two experiments using Hillmond oil showed that similar results were obtained
whether heating was obtained by electrically heating the wells (thermal solvent
reflux process) or by direct steam injection (steam solvent-hybrid process).
For these two experiments, the oil rate and recovery were similar. Numerical
simulations were used to history match the experiments and effective
diffusivity values were estimated.
Introduction
The objective of the thermal solvent reflux experiments was to develop a
solvent-assisted process for recovery of heavy oil from thick, cold reservoirs
such as Cold Lake and Athabasca.
The thermal solvent process concept (Figure 1) is
• Inject solvent and produce oil through horizontal wells
• Heat the injection and production wells to reboil the solvent in situ
(solvent reflux) (i.e., in-situ recycle of solvent)
The advantages of the thermal solvent reflux process are
• Requires less heat than SAGD
• Less steam plant emissions
• Smaller solvent recycle plant on surface
• Smaller injection facility needed
• Does not inject water into the reservoir
• Suitable for reactive reservoirs
• No treatment of boiler feed water required
• Minimal water disposal
• Minimal oil/water separation facilities required
• Heat will speed mass transfer over cold VAPEX
© 2010. Society of Petroleum Engineers
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History
- Original manuscript received:
30 March 2007
- Meeting paper published:
12 June 2007
- Revised manuscript received:
13 November 2009
- Manuscript approved:
4 January 2010
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